The last decade’s growing interest in deep learning was triggered by the proven capacity of neural networks in computer vision tasks. If you train a neural network with enough labeled photos of cats and dogs, it will be able to find recurring patterns in each category and classify unseen images with decent accuracy. What else can you do with an image classifier? In 2019, a group of cybersecurity researchers wondered if they could treat security threat detection as an image classification problem. Their intuition proved to be well-placed, and they were able to create a machine learning model that could detect malware based on images created from the content of application files. A year later, the same technique was used to develop a machine learning system that detects phishing websites. The combination of binary visualization and machine learning is a powerful technique that can provide new solutions to old problems. It is showing promise in cybersecurity, but it could also be applied to other domains.
Detecting malware with deep learning
The traditional way to detect malware is to search files for known signatures of malicious payloads. Malware detectors maintain a database of virus definitions which include opcode sequences or code snippets, and they search new files for the presence of these signatures. Unfortunately, malware developers can easily circumvent such detection methods using different techniques such as obfuscating their code or using polymorphism techniques to mutate their code at runtime. Dynamic analysis tools try to detect malicious behavior during runtime, but they are slow and require the setup of a sandbox environment to test suspicious programs. In recent years, researchers have also tried a range of machine learning techniques to detect malware. These ML models have managed to make progress on some of the challenges of malware detection, including code obfuscation. But they present new challenges, including the need to learn too many features and a virtual environment to analyze the target samples. Binary visualization can redefine malware detection by turning it into a computer vision problem. In this methodology, files are run through algorithms that transform binary and ASCII values to color codes. In a paper published in 2019, researchers at the University of Plymouth and the University of Peloponnese showed that when benign and malicious files were visualized using this method, new patterns emerge that separate malicious and safe files. These differences would have gone unnoticed using classic malware detection methods. According to the paper, “Malicious files have a tendency for often including ASCII characters of various categories, presenting a colorful image, while benign files have a cleaner picture and distribution of values.” When you have such detectable patterns, you can train an artificial neural network to tell the difference between malicious and safe files. The researchers created a dataset of visualized binary files that included both benign and malign files. The dataset contained a variety of malicious payloads (viruses, worms, trojans, rootkits, etc.) and file types (.exe, .doc, .pdf, .txt, etc.). The researchers then used the images to train a classifier neural network. The architecture they used is the self-organizing incremental neural network (SOINN), which is fast and is especially good at dealing with noisy data. They also used an image preprocessing technique to shrink the binary images into 1,024-dimension feature vectors, which makes it much easier and compute-efficient to learn patterns in the input data. The resulting neural network was efficient enough to compute a training dataset with 4,000 samples in 15 seconds on a personal workstation with an Intel Core i5 processor. Experiments by the researchers showed that the deep learning model was especially good at detecting malware in .doc and .pdf files, which are the preferred medium for ransomware attacks. The researchers suggested that the model’s performance can be improved if it is adjusted to take the filetype as one of its learning dimensions. Overall, the algorithm achieved an average detection rate of around 74 percent.
Detecting phishing websites with deep learning
Phishing attacks are becoming a growing problem for organizations and individuals. Many phishing attacks trick the victims into clicking on a link to a malicious website that poses as a legitimate service, where they end up entering sensitive information such as credentials or financial information. Traditional approaches for detecting phishing websites revolve around blacklisting malicious domains or whitelisting safe domains. The former method misses new phishing websites until someone falls victim, and the latter is too restrictive and requires extensive efforts to provide access to all safe domains. Other detection methods rely on heuristics. These methods are more accurate than blacklists, but they still fall short of providing optimal detection. In 2020, a group of researchers at the University of Plymouth and the University of Portsmouth used binary visualization and deep learning to develop a novel method for detecting phishing websites. The technique uses binary visualization libraries to transform website markup and source code into color values.
As is the case with benign and malign application files, when visualizing websites, unique patterns emerge that separate safe and malicious websites. The researchers write, “The legitimate site has a more detailed RGB value because it would be constructed from additional characters sourced from licenses, hyperlinks, and detailed data entry forms. Whereas the phishing counterpart would generally contain a single or no CSS reference, multiple images rather than forms and a single login form with no security scripts. This would create a smaller data input string when scraped.” The example below shows the visual representation of the code of the legitimate PayPal login compared to a fake phishing PayPal website.
The researchers created a dataset of images representing the code of legitimate and malicious websites and used it to train a classification machine learning model. The architecture they used is MobileNet, a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) that is optimized to run on user devices instead of high-capacity cloud servers. CNNs are especially suited for computer vision tasks including image classification and object detection. Once the model is trained, it is plugged into a phishing detection tool. When the user stumbles on a new website, it first checks whether the URL is included in its database of malicious domains. If it’s a new domain, then it is transformed through the visualization algorithm and run through the neural network to check if it has the patterns of malicious websites. This two-step architecture makes sure the system uses the speed of blacklist databases and the smart detection of the neural network–based phishing detection technique. The researchers’ experiments showed that the technique could detect phishing websites with 94 percent accuracy. “Using visual representation techniques allows to obtain an insight into the structural differences between legitimate and phishing web pages. From our initial experimental results, the method seems promising and being able to fast detection of phishing attacker with high accuracy. Moreover, the method learns from the misclassifications and improves its efficiency,” the researchers wrote. I recently spoke to Stavros Shiaeles, cybersecurity lecturer at the University of Portsmouth and co-author of both papers. According to Shiaeles, the researchers are now in the process of preparing the technique for adoption in real-world applications. Shiaeles is also exploring the use of binary visualization and machine learning to detect malware traffic in IoT networks. As machine learning continues to make progress, it will provide scientists new tools to address cybersecurity challenges. Binary visualization shows that with enough creativity and rigor, we can find novel solutions to old problems. This article was originally published by Ben Dickson on TechTalks, a publication that examines trends in technology, how they affect the way we live and do business, and the problems they solve. But we also discuss the evil side of technology, the darker implications of new tech, and what we need to look out for. You can read the original article here.
